References

  1.  AACE. Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Evaluation and Treatment of Hypogonadism in Adult Male Patients. Endocrine Practice. 2002;8(6):439-456
  2.  Arnott JM, Wu FC, Pye S et al. A Clinically Relevant Approach to Defining the Prevalence of Late Onset Hypogonadism in Men from the General Population. OR5-4, presented at Endo 2006, Boston USA, 24-27 June 2006
  3.  Barqawi A, Crawford ED. Testosterone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Prostate Cancer. Is There a Link? International Journal of Impotence Research. 2006;18(4):323-328
  4.  Bayer Schering Pharma Levitra® SmPC, updated March 2009
  5.  Behre HM, Elliesen J and the Testosterone Undecanoate Study Group. Safety and Efficacy of Intramuscular Injections of 1000mg Testosterone Undecanoate: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Hypogonadal Men under Conditions Resembling Real-Life Situations. European Urology Supplement. 2007;6(2):108
  6.  Betancourt-Albrecht M, Cunningham GR. Hypogonadism and Diabetes. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2003;15(Supplement 4):S14-20
  7.  Boyanov MA, Boneva Z, Christov VG. Testosterone Supplementation in Men with Type 2 Diabetes, Visceral Adiposity and Partial Androgen Deficiency. Aging Male. 2003;6:1-7
  8.  British Heart Foundation. Coronary Heart Disease Statistics 2008. http://www.heartstats.org/temp/2008.Chaptersp1.pdf (accessed May 2009)
  9.  Carruthers M. Male Menopause or Andropause. The Testosterone Revolution. 2001 p49
  10.  Diabetes UK. Sex and Diabetes for Healthcare Professionals. www.diabetes.org.uk/en/Guide-to-diabetes/Living_with_diabetes/Sex-and-diabetes/For-healthcare-professionals/ (accessed May 2009)
  11.  Diabetes UK. Sex and Diabetes Surveys and Studies. www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/Living_with_diabetes/Sex-and-diabetes/Surveys-and-studies/ (accessed May 2009)
  12.  Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS et al. Sex Differences of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;295:1288-1299
  13.  Eli Lilly and Company Limited Cialis® SmPC, updated September 2008
  14.  Feldman HA et al. Impotence and its Medical and Psychosocial Correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal of Urology. 1994;151:54-61
  15.  Grossmann M et al. Low Testosterone Levels are Common and Associated with Insulin Resistance in Men with Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008;93(5):1834-1840
  16.  Gruenewald DA, Matsumoto AM. Testosterone Supplementation Therapy for Older Men: Potential Benefits and Risks. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51:101-15
  17.  Guay AT et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sildenafil Citrate for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in a Population with Associated Organic Risk Factors. Journal of Andrology. 2001;22:793-797
  18.  Hackett G et al. British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on the Management of Erectile Dysfunction. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008;5:1841-1865
  19.  Handelsman DJ. Androgens. Endocrinology of Male Reproduction. 2004
  20.  Health Service Circular 1999/148. Treatment for Impotence. June 1999
  21.  Health Service Circular 1999/177. Treatment for Impotence: Patients with Severe Distress. August 1999
  22.  ICM. Market Research Survey Results Among Men with ED. Commissioned by Bayer Schering Pharma. May 2007
  23.  ICM. Men at Work National Survey. Commissioned by Bayer Schering Pharma, April 2008
  24.  Jardin A et al. Recommendations of the 1st International Consultation on Erectile Dysfunction. Co-sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), International Consultation on Urological Diseases (ICUD) and Societe Internationale d’Urologie (SIU). Paris. 2000
  25.  Jockenhovel F. Testosterone Therapy - What, When and to Whom? The Aging Male. 2004;7:319-324
  26.  Kapoor D et al. Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:911-917
  27.  Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS et al. Testosterone Replacement Therapy Improves Insulin Resistance, Glycaemic Control, Visceral Adiposity and Hypercholesterolaemia in Hypogonadal Men with Type 2 Diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;154:889-906
  28.  Kostis JB et al. Sexual Dysfunction and Cardiac Risk (the Second Princeton Consensus Conference). American Journal of Cardiology. 2005; 96:313-321
  29.  McCullough AR et al. Achieving Treatment Optimization with Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. Urology Supplement. 2002;60(2):28-38
  30.  Meda Pharmaceuticals MUSE® SmPC, updated November 2007
  31.  Miner MM, Sadovsky R. Evolving Issues in Male Hypogonadism: Evaluation, Management, and Related Comorbidities. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2007;74(3):S38-46
  32.  Morgentaler A. Testosterone and Prostate Cancer: An Historical Perspective on a Modern Myth. European Urology. 2006;50:935-939
  33.  Morley JE et al. Metab.-Clin. Exp. 49 (9) 1239- 1242 (2000) Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males
  34.  National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Type 2 Diabetes (CG66). May 2008
  35.  NHS Choices. Health A-Z – Erectile Dysfunction - Causes. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Erectile-dysfunction/Pages/Causes.aspx (accessed May 2009)
  36.  Nieschlag E et al. Investigation, Treatment, and Monitoring of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU Recommendations. Journal of Andrology. 2006;27(2):135-137
  37.  Nieschlag E. Testosterone Treatment Comes of Age: New Options for Hypogonadal Men. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;65:275-281
  38.  Pfizer Limited Viagra® SmPC, updated January 2009
  39.  Pharmacia Limited Caverject® SmPC, updated July 2005
  40.  Rosen RC et al. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) A Multidimensional Scale for Assessment of Erectile Dysfunction. Urology. 1997;49:822-30
  41.  Select Committee on Health, Third Report. Sexual Dysfunction Treatment and Services, 2003
  42.  Sexual Dysfunction Association - Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction Factsheet. www.sda.uk.net/downloads/Impotence_or_erectile_dysfunction.pdf (accessed May 2009)
  43.  Sexual Dysfunction Association – Testosterone and the Andropause Factsheet. www.sda.uk.net/downloads/Testosterone.pdf (assessed May 2010)
  44.  Shabsigh R et al. Randomized Study of Testosterone Gel as Adjunctive Therapy to Sildenafil in Hypogonadal Men with Erectile Dysfunction Who Do Not Respond to Sildenafil Alone. Journal of Urology. 2004;172:658-663
  45.  Stellato RK, Feldman HA, Hamdy O et al. Testosterone, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men: Prospective Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):490-494
  46.  Svartberg J et al. Waist Circumference and Testosterone Levels in Community Dwelling Men. The Tromsø Study. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;19:657–663
  47.  Thompson IM et al. Erectile Dysfunction and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005;294(23):2996-3002
  48.  Tomlinson JM and Wright D. Impact of Erectile Dysfunction and its Subsequent Treatment with Sildenafil: Qualitative Study. British Medical Journal. 2004;328:1037-1043
  49.  UCB Pharma Limited Viridal Duo® SmPC, updated July 2006
  50.  Wang C et al. ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA Recommendations: Investigation, Treatment and Monitoring of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Males. The Aging Male. 2008; 1-8
  51.  Wespes E et al. EAU Guidelines on Erectile Dysfunction: An Update. European Urology. 2006;49:806-815
  52.  Yassin AA, Saad F, Traish A. Testosterone Undecanoate Restores Erectile Function in a Subset of Patients with Venous Leakage: A Series of Case Reports. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2006;3:727-735